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1, mechanical deep loose cover mainly from the role of water and fertilizer. After the harvest of dryland wheat, mechanical deep loosening was carried out in a timely manner to keep the roots of wheat straw covered on the surface, and the tillage depth was 40-50 cm. It can not only remove the hard soil plough bottom layer, deepen the natural rainfall infiltration, and reduce the loss of soil and water; it can also keep the soil layer undisturbed and the structure is stable, protecting the earthworms in the soil and all layers of microorganisms in the normal microecological environment. In addition, wheat residue can be used to cover the surface of the land to receive natural rainfall more uniformly and prevent or attenuate the evaporation of soil moisture, so as to provide effective water storage and preservation, so that rain and spring rains can be solved to solve natural rainfall and wheat in winter wheat producing areas. The contradiction between water development and development is not synchronized; at the same time, the wheat stubble gradually rots, increases the content of soil organic matter, and improves the soil fertility.
2. Mechanically ploughing the soil to protect the soil. In the wheat cultivation period, shallow ploughing (shallow hoeing) at a proper time can play a role in smashing the soil, weeding grass, even hoeing, and soil conservation. It can meet the agronomic requirements of the soil and prepare a good seed bed for the seeds. To normal germination unearthed. In general, advanced and suitable shallow plough (disc harrow) machines are used for operation. Because the surface soil is less tumbling and less damaged, it has received a good effect of soil conservation and soil conservation.
3, mechanical no-tillage fertilization sowing to increase production. During the conservation tillage sowing period of dryland wheat, the no-tillage fertilization seeder was used. The machine has the ability to complete five processes, such as ditching, fertilizing, sowing, earth covering and repression, in a hard topsoil, with high efficiency, high quality, and agronomical requirements. The depth of fertilizer application can reach 8-10cm and the depth of seed sowing is 5-6cm. Fertilizer is applied in the middle of two rows of wheat to form a lateral relationship with the seed, avoiding the phenomenon of chemical fertilizer burning seeds. The row spacing of wheat is set to be wide and narrow, 25cm wide row spacing, 15cm row spacing; concentrated deep application of fertilizers, increase the utilization rate, reduce the weeds' absorption and utilization of fertilizers; wheat row spacing narrow and narrow, can improve the late wheat growth period Ventilation and light transmission conditions, if there is more rainfall, can effectively reduce the yield caused by the lodging of wheat, and achieve a bumper harvest. Since it is in the form of furrows, it is also conducive to collecting rainwater, concentrating on warming, and achieving light rain and large-scale use, playing the role of drought prevention and cold protection. After the sowing, rolling is carried out, which can not only bind the seeds to the soil, but also help the seeds germinate and release the earth, which is also conducive to keeping the earth cold.
The key to optimizing the allocation and implementation of mechanized protective farming techniques for dryland wheat is to introduce and develop advanced and applicable power machinery and supporting agricultural implements, and use them as carriers to turn new technologies into productivity. After five years of practice, the Linyi County Bureau of Agricultural Machinery concluded that the optimal configuration plan for the basic unit is: For the actual situation of the current rural land segmentation, the power unit of the basic unit should be equipped with a 40-48Kw wheeled tractor. . Because such large-horsepower wheeled tractors are convenient for walking in field operations, they can drive large-scale agricultural implements, and the land can be rotated flexibly, and the main field work tasks for conservation tillage can be completed independently and with high quality and efficiency. The basic unit supporting farm implements is mainly equipped with three types of deep-steamer, shallow-cultivated site-sweeping machine and no-tillage fertilizer sowing machine.
1 deep loose machine configuration. Two types of subsoiler are mainly selected. One is a full range of deep loom. The tillage depth of the machine can reach 40-50cm. After the operation, no furrows are left, the soil layer is not disordered, the plow bottom is eroded, the straw covers the ground surface, and the water storage and soil conservation performance of the soil is greatly improved. The other is a chisel deep pine plow. Working depth can reach 40-50cm, plough the bottom smashed, the soil is not chaotic, between the actual situation, the soil destructive greatly reduced.
2 Shallow arable land preparation. The main choice is disc shank, notch rake (20 pieces) or loosing machine (wing blade). In the use of these types of soil preparation machines, soil smashes are placed on the back of the soil, people step on them, and supporting operations are performed. The soil, soil loosening, weed removal, leveling, and leveling of the ground are completed in one operation, so that the soil reaches a virtual reality level. Requirements, improve the quality of work and efficiency.
3 no tillage fertilization seeder configuration. The main option is 10-12 lines of no-till seeder (fertilizer opener set 5-6 lines). The machine is operated on straw-covered plots. Since the fertilizing openers and seed opener are installed in three rows before and after, the smashing phenomenon of straw or soil blocks is avoided, and the passing performance is good. The three kinds of farming modes of mechanized conservation tillage technology are mainly applicable to the production of drought-flood winter wheat. After several years of practice, the Linyi County Agricultural Bureau has initially conducted three comparatively scientific and standardized mechanized conservation tillage patterns by comparing different types of crops and different types of soils. Shallow rotation) → no tillage fertilization sowing three-step cultivation mode. That is, after the harvest of wheat, mechanical deep loosening is first promoted, and the wheat stubble is returned to the field and the soil is loosened; the earthworms are planted one month to 20 days before sowing; the no-tillage fertilization sowing is performed in one time and the soil layer is not disturbed. In order to ensure the safety of the seedlings. This model is suitable for cotton land and cotton cover. In 1998, the Bureau had implemented this three-step cultivation mode experiment in 5,000 mu of canola-covered dryland wheat fields in Shuangchi Beach of Beixin Township. Mechanical deep-soiling was carried out in early July and shallow-cropping land was prepared in late August, and in late September. No-tillage fertilization planter completes the following tasks. After testing, the 0-50cm soil moisture content increased by 12.3 percentage points compared with similar control fields, 0.07% more than the same kind of organic matter in the burned wheat bran, and the average wheat yield reached 176.5 kg, which was 20.1% more than the 147 kg in the control field. . The second is the straw smashing and returning to the field. That is, in the wheat field, the straw is first comminuted and returned to the field with machinery. The wheat straw is used to cover the land surface. No-tillage fertilization and sowing are performed when sowing, so that no-tillage and soil conservation can be achieved, and the straw can cover the soil, which is mainly applicable to the cotton land. In 1998, the Bureau implemented the two-step farming model test in 2,500 acres of dryland wheat fields in Cape Township. In mid-July, the crop was crushed and smashed. In late September, no-tillage and fertilization were planted. The average yield in the second year reached 206 kg, The control field yielded 180 kg per mu and increased production by 26 kg, an increase of 14.4%. The third is ploughing and fertilizing sowing, and completing a few farming procedures at a time. It is mainly suitable for sowing wheat in two crop fields in one year, that is, after harvesting corn and beans, using a strip tiller or a rotary tillage fertilizing sowing machine, one-time rotation fertilization, fertilization, sowing and high-efficiency operations are performed to ensure seeding at the time of grab. This model is used in water and irrigation. Li Hanxiang Guo Cun 4500 acres of arable land, belongs to two years of water, after wheat harvest, no-tillage sowing summer corn in wheat stubble, corn rotative tillage after sowing wheat, annual average yield per ton of grain per mu, become high yield and efficient farmland.
The protective mechanization of dryland wheat mechanization is to enable farmers to avoid farmland or arable land, it can achieve the purpose of water conservation, soil conservation, fertilizer conservation, cost reduction and production increase, and it is very beneficial to improve the environment and balance the ecology of an agricultural technology. This technology has undergone five years of trials—demonstration, promotion, and improvement of the practice process in some townships of Linyi County. It has now been listed in the “Harvest Plan†of the Ministry of Agriculture from 2002 to 2005. Main agronomic processes The major agronomical processes for mechanized conservation tillage in dryland wheat include mechanical deep soiling (which can be done every other year), mechanical shallow tillage preparation and no-tillage fertilization sowing.