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Schisandra alias North Schisandra. Magnoliaceae is a perennial deciduous woody vine of the genus Schisandra, a medicinal agent for fruit. Schisandra contains mainly volatile oils, the main component of which is citric acid. Ilanene, saccharides, benzoic acid, citral and the like. Seeds contain schizandrin and so on. The fruit is acidic and warm. With convergence, antitussive, kidney, astringent, Sheng Jin and other functions. Indications asthma cough, lung deficiency, spontaneous sweating, insomnia, chronic diarrhea, and deficiency. Schisandra is mainly produced in the three provinces of Heilongjiang, Jilin, and Liaoning. In addition, Hebei, Inner Mongolia, Shandong, Shanxi, and Shaanxi provinces also produce. With the best quality in Liaoning and Jilin, it is called "Liao Wuwei". At present, the Schisandra is mainly sold in the wild, and the number of artificial cultivation is very small. At the same time, the market demand for Schisandra is large, and the price is relatively stable. The collection of wild Schisandra is far from meeting the needs of the market. Therefore, in order to increase the Schisandra The market supply, to meet market demand, improve the local farmers' economic income, it is necessary to vigorously develop artificial cultivation of Schisandra in rural areas and regions in Liaoning Province. Morphological characteristics: The main root of the schisandra is weak, the roots are well developed, and the roots are well developed. They cross the ground and are distributed 10-30 cm above the surface. The roots are formed more than two years old. The stems are soft and twisted clockwise. The stems are several meters long (in terms of the length of the objects to be wrapped. (determined), generally 6-8 meters; young stems reddish-brown smooth, old stems gray-brown rough, large lenticels: leaves born on young shoots. Leaves alternate, in old stems clustered on short branches, obovate-shaped leaves with serrated edges; flowers solitary or clustered, with long stems of male and female plants; fruit berry, spherical, red or purple during ripening, containing 1 - 2 seeds; seed kidney shape. Orange or brown, testa hard. Biological characteristics: 1. Characteristics of growth and development. Young seedlings of S. chinensis grow slowly. In the first year, there were only about 10 leaflets. Branches were solitary, many branches were not branched, and the length of 15-30 cm just started to form rhizomes; Speed ​​up, there are 3-4 branches. Rootstock developed; fruiting results after three years. 2. The seed ripening period is long, and the short-lived Schizandra chinensis seed embryos require low-temperature and moist conditions after ripening. It takes about 50-70 days for the seeds to finish ripening. Seeds of natural mature peeled fruit are stored under indoor dry conditions for 6-7 months and the germination rate is lower than 70%. However, the germination rate of seeds without peeling under the same conditions is still very high, so the seed life of peeling off the peel is The seeds that are shorter than the peel do not have a short life, so when storing seeds, it is best to store the peel. 3. Rhizomes have strong sprouting ability, and they can grow many rhizomes by using rhizomes to propagate 2-3 years of seedlings of Schisandra chinensis. The longer the annual roots, the more developed the rhizomes are, and they extend horizontally into the soil surface to form a horizontal stalk, and the stalks are traversed horizontally. Many buds and fibrous roots have grown on them, forming new transverse stems, and the axillary buds on the roots have strong germination power. Under the right conditions, many stems form on the ground, gradually forming a unique vegetative propagation system. 4. Flowering results habits Schisandra unisexual flowers, dioecious or the same strain, a large number of flowering in mid-May each year, flowering 9-12 days, single flowering period of 6-8 days, 72% of floret opening time at night, Fruit ripening period 8-10 months. The buds of Schisandra chinensis were divided into flower buds, leaves and buds. The flower buds were mixed buds, and there was no obvious difference from the leaf buds in appearance. Each flower bud can be opened with 1-2 flowers. The flower buds are planted in the leaf axillary of the annual branch. After the spring of germination the following year, the branch results in the flowering of the base of the resulting branch. Branches of more than three years old have little fruiting. 5. Relationship between growth and environmental conditions. Schisandra is a light-loving plant that requires good ventilation and light transmission at the flowering stage. Adequate light is beneficial to the results, while in the seedling and vegetative growth stages, a damp and humid environment is required. Nursery should be scaffolding. Schisandra is rich in loam or sandy loam, but it is too moist. It is unfavorable to its growth, generally requiring soil moisture content of 20% -30%. Schisandra is more resistant to cold and can naturally overwinter in the Northeast, but young plants are prone to frost damage if they are fertile. Cultivation techniques: 1. Propagation methods Schisandra seeds are mainly seed-breeding. They can also use the underground stems to propagate ramets or reproduce by asexual propagation methods such as cuttings and layering. However, vegetative propagation uses root stalks for propagation, and cutting and rooting take roots. Difficulties in survival rate are low, and the conditions required for processing are not easy to grasp. They are not as good as seed breeding. The method of seed propagation is simple and easy to grasp, and can obtain a large number of seedlings in a short period of time. (1) Selection of seeds The seeds of Schisandra chinensis should be picked during the autumn harvest, and the seeds should be selected for large, uniform and uniform ear for drying, storage and storage. Do not broil, bake, or stir-fry when dry. Dry it or dry it. Store in a dry, ventilated place. (2) After the seed is treated, the selected Schisandra fruit will be picked before winter and frozen, and soaked in warm (15°C) for 1-2 days. After the pulp has completely expanded, remove the pulp and wash the seeds to eliminate the grain. The seeds of fruit flesh will be soaked in water for 5-7 days, so that the seeds will absorb enough water and change the water every two days. After soaking, remove the dry water and mix it with the seed 2-3 times the wet sand to adjust the water content. 10%, then packing (bags) in the room (5-15 °C) or buried in the pit 0.5 meters deep outside, cover 10-15 cm wet sand or fine soil, and then covered with firewood or straw curtain. The treatment site should be dry, so as to avoid bad species. In the second year of May-June, 70% of seed pods can be planted. 2. Sowing and growing seedlings (1) Selection of nursery fields: Nursery fields should be selected from loose fertile humus or sandy loam, flat and sunny, well-drained and irrigated lands, ploughed, and applied at the same time. Farmyard fertilizer, 1-2 tons / acre, and then made into a 1-1.2 meters wide, high 15 cm trampoline, flat bed, you can sow. (2) Time and method of sowing: Generally spring sowing, sowing seedlings in a row from 10 to 15 centimeters, ditches 5 to 6 centimeters, and 5 to 8 kilograms per acre sowing in the middle of April to mid-May. The thickness of 2-4 cm, after the broadcast gently suppress and cover the cover for moisturizing insulation. (3) Miaotian management: Seedlings emerged 20-30 days after sowing, and when the seedlings excavated 50%-70%, remove the coverings, take a 1-1.5-meter-high scaffold, and shade them with a straw or curtain. When the soil is dry, it is watered to keep the soil moisture 30%-40%. When the seedlings emerge 5-6 cm (2-4 leaf leaves), the shades can be removed and the seedlings can be set at a spacing of 4-6 cm. Can be transplanted and colonized. 3. Transplantation (1) Selection of land: Schisandra can be planted in garden or semi-wild plantation in forest. Planting fertile soil or farmland with fertile soil, deep soil, and good drainage is the best choice for cultivating farmland. After humus soil and sandy loam are selected, the basal fertiliser per acre will be 20kg to 30kg. . In the semi-wild plantation of schisandra chinensis, the broad-leaved forest or coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest is selected, and the standing slope is evenly distributed on a sunny slope with a large area of ​​light and a long time. Under the forest, it is cleaned up slightly, and shrubs or weeds are cleaned up and transplanted. . (2) Transplanting: The time is from late April to early May, 1 meter apart by row, north-south direction, dig deep and wide by 30 centimeters, apply adequate amount of manure, and plant the seedlings at 30 cm spacing. After the roots are stretched, the soil is filled and the water is poured. 4. Field management (1) Fertilization and irrigation: Schisandra is hi and good for water, and timely irrigation after transplanting is beneficial to slow seedlings. After survival, soil should be kept moist. During drought, water should be promptly filled and water should be poured before freezing to facilitate overwintering. In addition to applying a farmyard manure before freezing in the fall, the fast-acting fertilizer is chased once each year in mid-May and mid-July. Gully application and irrigation. (2) Stretching and changing racks: Schisandra is a vine and cannot grow on its own. It must be wound on other supports for growth. Usually when the branches grow to 35 centimeters or the second year after transplanting, they are put on a fence. Height 1.8 meters, frame diameter 3-5 cm, available cement column, angle steel or wood pole. Every 2-3 meters buried a pillar, with a wooden pole or line 8 to pull the horizontal line on the column, and in each plant standing a diameter of 1.5-2 cm, 2.5-3.0 meters long bamboo raft, along the branches along the Shun In the clockwise direction, it is put on a shelf, and at the beginning, it is tied with a rope, and it is naturally wound on the shelf later. In general, after 3 to 5 years to replace the frame. (3) Pruning: The branches of Schisandra can be trimmed in spring, summer and autumn. 1 Spring shear: Generally performed before the shoots sprout. The dense fruit branches and dead branches were cut off, and the branches were dense and moderate after cutting and did not interfere with each other. 2 Summer Scissors: Usually in early May, mid-August, mid-August, and late. Mainly cut off basal shoots, litchi, overlapping branches, diseased branches and so on. At the same time, sparse shearing or short cuts are also needed for dense new branches. Summer cuts are good, and fall can be lightly cut or not cut. 3 Autumn scissors: After falling leaves, the main branches are cut off after summer shearing. Whenever pruning, 2-3 vegetative shoots should be selected as the main branch and the vines should be introduced. (4) loose soil, weeding, earthing. During the fertility period, the schisandra should be loosened and weeded in a timely manner to keep the soil loose and free of weeds. The schisandra should be well done at the base of the schisandra to facilitate irrigation. Before the winter, planting soil at the base of the plant can protect Schisandra from wintering safely. Diseases and prevention and control: 1. Leaf blight: Most occurred in late May to mid-July, and the lesions appeared yellow. At the beginning, it began to occur at the tip of the leaf, gradually expanded and spread, and when it was severe, the whole leaf was yellow and died. High temperature and humidity, poor ventilation, severe disease. Control methods: available 400-500 times the zinc and 1500 times thiophanate spray, preferably before the onset in late April, spray once a week, even spray 2-3 times, can also be used Bordeaux spray once a day. 2. Root rot: Mostly occurred in early May to early August. After the onset of the disease, the roots were rotted and in contact with the surface, the root bark fell off, and the plant died a few days later. Control methods: 1:1:100 Bordeaux mixture can be used for irrigation. 3. Fruit rot: The surface of the fruit is brown or black, and becomes dark later. Control methods, with 50% Daisen ammonium 500-600 times liquid, spray once every 10 days, continuous spray 3-4 times. 4. Harvesting and processing: Harvesting is conducted from late August to early October. Processing can be sun or drying, the room temperature at 60 °C when the Schisandra semi-dry when the temperature is reduced to 40-50 °C, to 80% dry when moved to the outdoor sun to dry, remove the black handle to pick out the handle Storage storage.