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1 The anti-nutritional effect of phytic acid, phytic acid, that is, phytate has strong chelation ability and almost no free state exists in nature. In the digestive tract of animals, phytic acid can be chelated with various mineral ions such as calcium, magnesium, potassium, iron, zinc, and manganese to form insoluble complexes, thereby reducing the utilization of these mineral elements in feed. Phytic acid can also interact with proteins to form insoluble complexes. This interaction between phytic acid and proteins is closely related to pH. At a pH lower than the isoelectric point of the protein, phytate binds to the basic groups lysine, histidine, and arginine in the protein molecule to form a phytate-protein binary complex at a pH higher than Under conditions of protein isoelectric point, metal cations such as Ca and Zn are used as "bridges" to form a phytate-metal ion-protein ternary complex, thereby changing the structure of the protein and reducing the digestibility of the protein by the animal. In addition, phytic acid can also be directly complexed with digestive enzymes, thereby limiting the activity of amylase, trypsin, pepsin and lipase, thereby reducing the digestion and absorption rate of starch, fat and other nutrients. Therefore, phytic acid is considered a harmful ingredient in feed and is an anti-nutritional factor.
2 Phytase
In 1968, Nelson first proposed adding microbial phytase to livestock and poultry diets to solve a series of problems caused by the presence of phytate in feed. Phytase has caught the attention of people, but at that time the production cost was too high to be applied. Until the 1990s, several large foreign companies used genetic engineering technology to successfully develop commercial products. Because of the application of phytase in the feed industry, it is safe, environmentally friendly, efficient, economical, and has good social and ecological environmental benefits. Therefore, phytase is mandatory in most European countries; South-East Asia Japan, Taiwan, and Taiwan are also promoting the use of phytase; after China's full implementation of the "polluter discharge standards for livestock and poultry industry," promoted the wider use of Chinese phytase in the feed industry.
2.1 The source of phytase Phytase, also known as phytase, is an esterase that degrades phytic acid and its salts. It is a phosphomonohydrolase that catalyzes the conversion of phytic acid to orthophosphate, Alcohols and inositol derivatives are converted. Phytase is widely present in animals, plants and microorganisms. However, its activity varies widely among different plant species. Studies have shown that phytase in rye, wheat, barley and wheat bran has high activity, while corn, oats, soybean cake, peanut cake, rapeseed cake and Phytase activity in cottonseed cake is relatively low. In addition, due to the low content of plant-derived phytase, and most of them belong to 6-phytase, the optimum pH is 5.0-7.5, which is not suitable to play a role in the stomach's acidic environment. Therefore, in order to increase the application value of phytase, people focused on the research of phytase to turn to the phytase which is the most suitable pH and acidic and high in enzyme content. Microbial phytase has become the most widely used type of phytase with its advantages of high yield, high activity and low cost. Most of the phytase preparations sold on the market belong to microbial phytase. Phytase can be produced by many microorganisms (filamentous fungi, yeast, bacteria, etc.) in nature, and A. niger and A. ficuum, in particular, can secrete phytase with high activity. Compared with microorganisms and plant-derived phytases, animal-derived phytase content is low and activity is low, which is of little significance for increasing phytate phosphorus utilization in plant feeds.
2.2 Phytase Characteristics Phytase belongs to Phosphomonoesterase and is a special acid phosphatase. It is suitable for pH of 4~6. It has high adaptability to temperature. Generally suitable temperature is 46~57°C. When the temperature exceeds 60°C, the activity of phytase is partially lost, and when the temperature reaches 70°C, most of the enzyme activity is lost. The phytase with pelletized insert molding has a maximum temperature of 85°C. Phytase is a protein that is sensitive to light. Use enzyme preparations to avoid light storage to ensure that phytase has a good effect. Wang Qiuyan et al. (2010) reported [1] that the pH value of one of the important factors affecting the quality of phytase should be considered first when people purchase and use it. Storage time is another factor in the quality of phytase. It is recommended that you buy it now and use it no later than the factory one month. Temperature has a great influence on phytase activity and is another factor that affects phytase quality. If possible, store the phytase product as low temperature as possible.
2.3 Mechanism of action of phytase Phytase catalyzes the hydrolysis of phytic acid to inositol pentaphosphate (IP5) or IP3 or IP. Phytic acid is a complete hydrolysate of 1 molecule of inositol and 6 molecules of inorganic phosphorus. The phytase cleaves the phosphate groups on the phytic acid molecule one by one to form an intermediate product of IP5, IP3 and IP. The final products are inositol and phosphoric acid. Microorganisms produced a 3-phytase action on phytic acid. Hydrolysis of ester bonds from the 3rd carbon site of phytic acid results in the release of inorganic phosphorus, which in turn releases phosphorus from other carbon sites, eventually esterifying the entire plant. The acid molecule, this enzyme requires Mg+ to participate in the catalytic process. Plant-derived 6-phytase first initiates catalysis at the 6th carbon site of phytic acid to release inorganic phosphorus. Phytase decomposes phytic acid to inositol and phosphate esters and does not completely decompose into inositol and phosphoric acid. To decompose inositol phosphate completely, it requires the help of acid phosphatase, which can decompose monophosphate and diphosphate into Inositol and phosphoric acid.
3 Application of phytase in feed Because rumen microbes in ruminants can synthesize many digestive enzymes including phytase, phytase is mostly used in monogastric animal feed.
3.1 Application of phytase in broiler chicken feeds Ding Han et al. (2010) reported [2] that adding 500 U/kg of coated phytase to broiler corn-soybean meal diets can replace every kg of diets. 1.0 g of non-phytate phosphorus. Zhou Jiaping et al. (2009) reported [3] using 900 day-old AA broiler chickens and a corn-bean meal diet to study the effects of different levels of phytase on broiler performance, calcium and phosphorus balance and phosphorus. Impact of emissions. Studies show that after 0.15% reduction in AP, add 500 to 750 FTU?kg (the amount of phytase required to release 1 μmol of inorganic phosphate per minute at 37°C, pH 5.5 is 1 FTU) Transgenic heat-resistant phytase Does not affect broiler intake, weight gain, feed-to-weight ratio, carcass quality, bone quality, serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and serum calcium and phosphorus levels (P>0.05); add 750 FTU?kg transgenic heat-resistant phytic acid Enzymes increased the tibial strength of 28-day-old broiler chickens (P<0.05); calcium utilization increased by 17.23% (previous) and 22.86% (late), and the difference reached a significant level.
3.2 Application of phytase in duck meat feeds Liu Hong et al. (2010) reported [5] that adding phytase to low-phytate phosphorus diets can increase the growth performance of meat ducks, including high-phytate phosphorus feeding. The effect of grain was better than that of low phytate phosphorus diet; with the increase of phytase level, the serum alkaline phosphatase activity decreased.
3.3 Application of phytase in pig feeds Yan Junhao et al. (2009) reported [6] that the addition of phytase in low-phosphorus diets can improve pig growth performance, increase apparent digestibility of calcium and phosphorus, but apparently digest the crude protein. The rate had no significant effect; Phosphatase supplementation had no significant effect on growth performance and nutrient apparent digestibility of the pigs; no addition of calcium hydrogen phosphate would reduce pig growth performance and apparent digestibility of calcium and phosphorus. Liu et al. (2010) reported [7] that phytase was added to diets of growing-finishing pigs to replace some of the dibasic calcium phosphate. Improved growth performance of growing-finishing pigs, in which the addition of E. coli phytase significantly improved the growth performance of growing-finishing pigs; markedly improved apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, calcium, phosphorus, total energy, and significantly reduced fecal matter Nitrogen and phosphorus excretion significantly increased serum total protein, globulin, and serum phosphorus concentrations, while urea nitrogen and serum calcium concentrations decreased most. After addition of Aspergillus niger phytase, the blood glucose concentration decreased, but the activity of alkaline phosphatase did not change significantly; after the addition of E. coli phytase, the activity of alkaline phosphatase significantly decreased, but there was no significant change in blood glucose concentration. Dong Qiguo et al. (2010) reported [8] that the addition of 500 U?kg phytase can significantly improve the animal performance and nutrient digestibility, while the addition of 1 000 U?kg has the best effect on improving the digestibility of some amino acids. Dong Qiguo et al. (2010) showed that [9]: coated phytase had the best effect on pig performance and feed nutrient utilization. Followed by pellet phytase, powder phytase was the worst.
4 Conclusion China is a large animal husbandry country. There are problems with inadequate feed and phosphorus pollution. Phytase helps conserve resources, increase feed utilization, and reduce pollution. With the continuous deepening of phytase research, the expression of high-activity phytase, the reduction of production costs, and people's further awareness of environmental protection, the strengthening of the implementation of national laws and regulations, phytase products in livestock and poultry breeding Applications will become more and more extensive.
references:
[1] Wang Qiuyan, Zhao Weixiang, Xue Min, Wang Hong Comparison of phytase properties and stability effects [J]. Feed Industry, 2010, 31(4): 40-43
[2] Ding Han, Zhang Haiyan, Li Chengliang, Du Sigang, Wang Zhixiang The effect of coated phytase on the growth performance and blood biochemical parameters of broiler chickens fed with phytase [J]. Northwest Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2010, 19(6): 29-33
[3] Zhou Jiaping, Yang Zaibin, Yang Weilian, Jiang Shuzhen, Zhang Guiguo Study on the performance of transgenic heat-resistant phytase in broiler performance, calcium and phosphorus balance and phosphorus emissions [J]. Journal of Shandong Agricultural University (Natural Science Edition), 2009, 40(2) 240-246
[4] Yue Zenghua, Zhang Guiyi, Chen Yishan Effect of phytase on apparent utilization of nutrients and apparent metabolizable energy of broiler diet [J]. Feed Industry, 2009, 30(12) 19-24
[5] Liu Hong, Liu Guohua, Chen Xi Effect of Phytase Supplementation on Growth Performance and Serum Biochemical Indexes of Ducks in Different Phytic Phosphorus Levels[J]. Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2010, 22(4): 1063-1070
[6] Yan Junhao, Huang Haibin, Yu Mei, Wang Guoliang, Zhou Liping, Wang Zirong Effect of phytase and calcium hydrogen phosphate on growth performance and nutrient digestibility of finishing pigs [J]. Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, 2009, 4l(4) 33-36
[7]Liu Zizhao, Huang Xingguo, Liu Wenmin, He Jianhua Effects of different phytase on growth performance and nutrient utilization of growing pigs [J]. Chinese Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, 2010, 30(2): 22-26
[8] Dong Qiguo, Xu Wen, Wang Hao. The effect of different doses of phytase on growth performance and feed nutrient utilization of growing-finishing pigs [J]. Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences, 2010(4):215-218
[9] Dong Qiguo, Xu Wen, Wang Hao. The effect of different formulations of phytase on the nutrient utilization of finishing pigs [J]. Feed Research, 2010(4): 6-9
welding
masks are most commonly used with arc welding processes such as
shielded metal arc welding, gas tungsten arc welding, and gas metal arc
welding. They are necessary to prevent arc eye, a painful condition
where the cornea is inflamed. welding masks can also prevent retina
burns, which can lead to a loss of vision. Both conditions are caused by
unprotected exposure to the highly concentrated ultraviolet and
infrared rays emitted by the welding arc. Ultraviolet emissions from the
welding arc can also damage uncovered skin, causing a sunburn-like
condition in a relatively short period of welding.
Phytic acid is an important storage form of phosphate and inositol in plants. Phytic acid can form complexes with a variety of divalent cations and proteins, causing absorption of trace elements and loss of protein function. Phytase can degrade phytic acid, reduce phosphorus load in the environment, reduce protein chelation, and increase the bio-utilization of metals. It is an environment-friendly factor. Phytase is therefore widely used in the feed industry.