Apple high efficiency tree trimming technology

The high light efficiency tree has good ventilation and light transmission, and the leaves and fruits in the canopy can receive relatively sufficient light, and the fruit quality is good and the economic benefit is high. The high light efficiency tree is not a fixed tree. It is a collective term for a high-yield, high-quality, and high-efficiency tree. The operating methods of the high light efficiency tree shape popularized in Qixia City, Shandong Province are introduced as follows to provide a reference to similar areas orchards. .

First, the main technical indicators of high light efficiency tree

High light efficiency trees should have the following main features:

1. The canopy structure is transformed from a spindle (free-spindle, elongated-spindle, or modified-spindle), which can be referred to as modified sparse formation, where the crown becomes relatively large, and the backbone branches are enlarged and reduced in number.

2. The specific number of the main branches (main branches) is divided into the following two cases according to the size of the crown: When the distance between the trees is more than 4 meters, 5 to 6 main branches per tree are arranged in a 3—2—1 arrangement; when the spacing is 3 to 4 meters, each The tree leaves 7 to 9 main branches, a layer of 3 to 4, 2 layers, 2 layers, 2 layers, 1 layer, or none.

3. The main branches are opened at an angle of 70 degrees, and the first branch can be cultured with 1 to 2 side branches and the side branches can be opened at an angle of 80 degrees.

4. The spacing between the main branches of the first floor and the second floor should reach 80-120 cm, and the trunk height should be about 80 cm.

5. Tree height does not exceed the average of the spacing and row spacing.

6. The amount of branches is small, the amount of per acre branches after cutting is 8-10 million, and the light transmittance of the canopy is 25%-30%; branches between the plants can be handed over but do not substantially cross each other, leaving about 1 meter between the canopies of the two rows of trees. distance.

7. The output of mu is controlled at 3000-4000 kg.

Second, high light efficiency tree trim

At present, most apple trees are spindle trees, and most of the orchards are densely planted. To transform into a tree with high light efficiency, we must first solve the problem of rebuilding closed parks and combine these two tasks together.

1. The renovation of closed gardens.

The fruit orchard in Shengguo period is dominated by Qiaohua Red Fuji. The planting density during the establishment of the garden is mostly 110 trees/mu, and the tree age is 6 to 7 years. The result of the park is closed, and some orchards with severe canopy have reached More than 200,000, Litchi has lost its ability to produce results. Most of the fruit growers did not conduct the thinning in time, and they have been using the retraction main branch to cooperate with the circumcision to solve the contradiction. Practices over the years have proven that this approach only serves as a temporary solution. This not only delays the timing of thinning, but also results in debilitating trees, successive branches and diseases, severe rot and severe dry rot resulting in apple quality. And the serious decline in production.

The fundamental measure for the renovation of the closed park is to cut the trees in time, from 110 to 55 trees per mu. The orchard with better soil and water conditions should be subject to a second thinning after 3 to 4 years of thinning, and the final number of acres should be reduced to 27 to 28, and the permanent row spacing should be changed to 46 meters.

2. The transformation of high light effect tree.

The permanent trees left by the dense planting of closed orchards are generally spindle-shaped. On this basis, the transformed high-efficiency tree can be called “modified sparse layer”, which is suitable for medium-density cultivation. Tree shape.

The key technologies for improving the high light efficiency tree transformation of sparse layer shape are as follows: remove the lower skirts that are too close to the ground, raise the height of the trunk properly, raise the dry height to about 80 cm, and remove the dryness from the center. Part of the main branch, open the spacing between the layers, increase the layer spacing between the first layer and the second main branch to 80-120 cm to solve the light in the canopy; the pruning of the main branch should be slow and thin. In the main, immediately stop girdling (or circumcision). The extension of the main branch should be as lightly cut as possible, and even slow release, so that the canopy can be further enlarged and the tree vigor can be alleviated. In this way, the small canopy can develop into a medium-sized canopy; The main branch is updated and rejuvenated; in the fruity phase of the spindle-shaped apple tree, after the main branch has a large number of results, the front part is prone to droop, and the growth and the resulting ability are weakened, and the branch should be replaced on the diagonal back so that the main branch can be updated and rejuvenated; The removal of some of the upper branches and the irradiation of the upper light into the internal condyle can not only improve the quality and yield of the internal capsule, but also promote the growth and development of the lower main branch. Note that the main branch above the second layer must be uniaxially extended. , The above-mentioned lateral branches, large branch groups, and middle-back branch groups that are born above should all be removed; the result groups should be cleaned up and rejuvenated; the results of sticky crowds should be removed, and the long and thin branches should be gradually retracted to resolve the problem. The result is good lighting of the branches, maintaining the strong ability of the branches.

It must be noted that when permanent trees are transformed into high-efficiency trees, they must not be rushed to avoid serious instability in tree vigor and yield. The branches that are usually sparse in a year should not exceed one-third of the total number, and it can take about three years to complete the entire transformation process. Also note that ringing or circumcision must be immediately abolished for permanent trees. After the successful transformation, the yield per mu can be stabilized between 3,000 and 4,000 kilograms, and the quality of the fruit is greatly improved. The economic life of the tree is extended from 15 to 20 years of the densely planted orchard to 20 to 30 years.