Blueberry scientific name bilberry belongs to the azalea family Vaccinium. Because of the blue color of the fruit, it is native to the United States and is commonly known as "American Blueberry." The average weight of blueberry fruit is 0.5-2.5g, and the maximum weight is 5g. The fruit is beautiful in color, pleasing to the eye and blue. It is also covered with a layer of white fruit powder. The flesh is delicate and the seeds are extremely small. The edible rate is 100%. It has a light aromatic, sweet and sour taste. For a fresh product. In addition to conventional sugars, acids, and Vc, blueberry fruits are rich in VE, VA, VB, SOD, arbutin, proteins, anthocyanins, dietary fiber, and abundant mineral elements such as K, Fe, Zn, and Ca. According to the analysis of 14 varieties of blueberry introduced from the foreign research institute of Jilin Agricultural University, the content of anthocyanin pigment in the fruit is as high as 163mg/100g, and the fresh fruit VE content is 9.3Lμg/100g, which is several times that of other fruits such as apples and grapes. Dozens of times. The total amino acid content is 0.254%, which is higher than the hawthorn with rich amino acid content. Apart from serving fresh food, blueberry fruits also have strong medicinal value and nutritive health functions. The International Food and Agriculture Organization lists it as one of the top five health foods for human beings. The practical cultivation techniques are as follows: I. Garden selection and planting 1. Garden selection and preparation The soil pH value of the garden site is 4 to 5.5, and the optimum soil pH is 4.0 to 4.8. Soil organic matter content 8% to 12%, at least not less than 5%, loose soil, good ventilation, moist but not water. If local rainfall is insufficient, sufficient water sources are required. In order to solve the problem of water accumulation in summer, it can be cultivated by using the method of strip type Taitian. After the garden is selected, combine green manure deep-turning for 1 year before planting, and the depth should be 20-25cm, which is suitable for deep turning and ripening. If there are more weeds, herbicides can be sprayed 1 year in advance to kill weeds. For soil types that do not meet blueberry requirements, soil amendments should be performed before planting to facilitate blueberry growth. Too high soil pH regulation Soil pH is too high is an important factor limiting the blueberry cultivation, high pH often cause iron deficiency and chlorosis, poor growth, reduced yield and even plant death. When the pH is greater than 5.5, sulfur powder or aluminum sulfate is required to lower the pH. The application of sulfur powder should be carried out one year before planting or at least in the year of planting, but it does not usually work after the application of sulfur powder, such as dark brown forest soil, a pH value of 15cm thick per square meter needs to be reduced by one pH value. The effect can be maintained for more than 3 years, other types of soil can refer to this amount. Sulfur powder was evenly thrown into the whole garden soil according to the calculated application amount, and deep-turned 15cm and mixed. If aluminum sulfate is used, the amount is 6 times that of sulfur powder. In addition, the soil is mixed with acid peat, and the application of acidic fertilizers to cover sawdust and rotten bark has a role in lowering the pH value. If sulphur powder is used in combination with peat, the effect is better. Adjustment of soil pH too low When the soil pH is below 4, poisoning occurs due to excessive amounts of heavy metals, causing blueberries to grow poorly or even die. At this point you need to increase the pH, commonly used lime to adjust. When the pH value of the soil is 3.3, the use of 8 tons of lime per hectare can increase the pH value to more than 4 and increase the yield by 20%. To improve the soil structure and increase the content of organic matter soil organic matter less than 5%, due to the soil sticky and heavy, while blueberry is fibrous roots, is not conducive to the development of the root system, the need to increase organic matter or river sand to improve the structure. Sawdust, peat moss, rotten bark, or rot moss are commonly used and incorporated into the soil when planted. 2. Colonization (1) Planting period: Spring planting and autumn planting are all available. Among them, the survival rate of autumn planting is high and the spring planting period is earlier. (2) Row spacing: rabbit eyes blueberry often use 2m2m or 1.5m3m; high clump blueberry 1.2m2m; short bush blueberries (0.5 ~ 1) m1m. (3) Pollination tree configuration: Blueberry in the rabbit's eyes is not self-contained, and the pollination tree must be configured. Bluegrass and blueberry blueberries have higher self-fertilization rates, but allocation of pollination trees can also improve fruit quality and yield. The arrangement method adopts a ratio of 1:1 or 1:2 of the main cultivars and pollination cultivars. Second, soil and fertilizer water management technology 1. Soil management Blueberry root distribution is shallow, but slender, there is no root hair, and therefore requires loose, well-ventilated soil conditions. (1) Cultivated cultivation: Cultivation of high-growth blueberries on sandy loam often uses ploughing methods. The depth of ploughing is 5~10cm. Changbai Mountain dark brown forest soil below 23 ~ 30cm is often a viscous loess layer, when the intensive tilling is too deep, the loess will be turned to the upper layer, which is not conducive to the development of the root system. Therefore, the height of blueberry cultivation tools generally does not exceed 15cm. The time for ploughing can be carried out from early spring to August, and ploughing after the fall is not conducive to overwintering. (2) Grass weeding method: weeds are used between rows and herbicides are used in rows. Compared with the ploughing method, the weeding method is advantageous to the improvement of the yield, and has the advantages of obviously maintaining the soil moisture and facilitating the mechanical operation. The disadvantage is that it is not conducive to the control of blueberry fruit disease. 2. Fertilization (1) Common nutrient deficiency syndrome 1 Iron deficiency chlorosis: A common malnutrition in blueberries. The main symptoms are chlorosis between leaves and veins. In severe cases, the veins are also chlorotic. The symptoms of the upper leaves of the new shoots are heavier. The main causes of iron deficiency and chlorosis are soil pH, calcareous soil, and organic matter. The most effective method is to apply an acidic fertilizer, ammonium sulfate, which is more effective when combined with soil amendments that incorporate acid turf. Foliar application of iron 0.1% ~ 0.3%, the effect is good. 2 Magnesium deficiency syndrome: The chlorosis between the leaf margins and veins at the ripening stage of the berries occurs mainly on the rapidly growing new shoots and old leaves. Afterwards, the site of chlorosis becomes yellow and the end is red. Magnesium deficiency can be treated with magnesium oxide in the soil. 3 Boron deficiency: The symptoms are abnormal bud opening, with the top buds wilting, dark brown, and the top dead. The main cause of the deficiency of boron deficiency is insufficient soil moisture. Full irrigation, spraying 0.3% ~ 0.5% borax solution can cure. (2) Fertilization 1 Nutritional characteristics and fertilization response: Blueberry is a typical calcium plant. When cultivated on calcareous soil, it often leads to excessive iron deficiency and loss of green induced by excessive calcium. Blueberry is an oligotrophic plant. Compared with other fruit trees, the content of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium in the tree is very low. Due to this feature, blueberries must be specially formulated to prevent overdose and avoid fertilizer damage. Another feature of blueberry is that it belongs to hi-ammonium nitrogen fruit tree, which has stronger absorption ability of ammonium nitrogen in soil than nitrate nitrogen. When blueberries are planted, the soil has been mixed with organic matter or covered with organic matter, so blueberry fertilizer is mainly used for top dressing. Few farmyard manures are used in blueberry cultivation. Blueberry production orchards are dominated by nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers. Nitrogen fertilizer: The blueberry's response to nitrogen fertilizer is inconsistent due to different soil types and fertility. The fertilization experiment of Maidenberry blueberry cultivated on the dark brown forest soil in Changbai Mountain area showed that with the increase of nitrogen fertilizer application, the yield decreased, the fruit became smaller, the fruit ripening period was delayed, and the overwintering draw was severe. Therefore, the nitrogen content of dark brown forest soil types is high, and nitrogen fertilizer is not only ineffective but also harmful. According to foreign studies, blueberries are more effective in applying nitrogen fertilizer in the following situations. Sand and mineral soils with lower soil fertility and organic matter content have been cultivated with blueberries for many years. Soil fertility has decreased or soil pH is higher (greater than 5.5). Phosphate Fertilizers: The types of soils in wetland soils in the Changbai Mountain area are often deficient in phosphorus, and there is a significant effect of increasing phosphate fertilizer production. However, when the content of phosphorus in soil is high, increasing phosphate fertilizer will not only increase the yield but will delay fruit ripening. Generally when the phosphorus level in the soil is lower than 6mg/kg, it is necessary to increase the application of phosphorus pentoxide 15 ~ 45kg/ha. Potash: Potassium fertilizer significantly increases the yield of blueberries, and matures earlier, improves quality, and enhances resistance. However, excessive production without the effect will make the fruit smaller and cause more severe wintering and cause magnesium deficiency. In most soil types, the suitable amount of potassium for blueberry is 40kg/ha potassium chloride. 2 Types, methods, times, and types of fertilizer application: Applying complete fertilizer increases the yield by 40% compared to single fertilizer. Therefore, blueberry fertilization promotes the use of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. The fertilizer ratio tends to be 1:1:1. In the soil with high organic matter content, the amount of nitrogen fertilizer is reduced and the ratio of N, P and K is 1:2:3; in mineral soils, the content of P and K is high, and the ratio of N, P and K is 1:1:1 or 2: 1:1 is suitable. Blueberry not only does not easily absorb nitrate nitrogen, but nitrate-nitrogen also causes damage such as poor blueberry growth. Therefore, blueberries are preferably ammonium ammonium sulfate. Ammonium sulphate also has the effect of lowering soil pH and is particularly suitable for sandy and calcareous soils with higher pH values. In addition, blueberries are very sensitive to chlorine and can easily cause excessive poisoning. Therefore, when selecting fertilizer types, do not use chlorine-containing fertilizers such as ammonium chloride and potassium chloride. Method and period: Gao Cong blueberry and rabbit eyes blueberry can be applied by ditch, the depth of 10 ~ 15cm is appropriate. Dwarf plexus blueberries after gardening into a film to dominate the spread. The fertilization period is generally carried out before germination in early spring and can be applied in two separate batches, and once in the berry ripening period. Fertilizer amount: Blueberry over-fertilization can easily cause tree damage or even the death of the whole plant. Therefore, the amount of fertilization should be determined with caution, depending on the soil fertility and the nutritional status of the tree. In the U.S. blueberry producing area, leaf analysis techniques and soil analysis techniques are widely used in production. According to the production test and the results of many years of research, the standard values ​​for leaf analysis of blueberry and blue-eye blueberry were formulated to avoid the blindness of fertilization. Fourth, winter protection Although the short-mushroom blueberry and half-high blueberry strong cold resistance, but there are still cold damage occurred. The main performance is wintering and flower bud damage. In special years, all the aboveground parts can be frozen to death. Therefore, in winter blueberry cultivation in cold regions, wintering protection is an important measure to ensure production. 1. Snow protection against cold In winter, cold and snowy areas, artificial winter snow can be used to prevent cold. The production of blueberry that is cold-proofed by snow is less resistant to cold, and the yield of cover leaves and straw is greatly increased. It also has the advantages of convenient material acquisition, labor saving, low cost, and maintenance of soil moisture. The general coverage thickness is preferably 2/3 of the height of the tree, and the suitable thickness is 15 to 30 cm. 2. Other methods of cold protection In the cultivation of small berries such as Northeast Black Currant in China, the method of burying the cold is generally applied. It can also be used in the cultivation of blueberries. Before the winter, push the branches over and cover the shallow soil to cover the branches. However, the branches of blueberries are relatively hard, and they are easily broken. Therefore, the use of buried orchard should be inclined. The tree covers rice straw, leaves, sacks, straw woven bags, etc. to protect the winter.