Super hybrid rice is expected to adopt a combination of ideal plant type and heterosis utilization, a combination of conventional technology and biotechnology, and highlight the use of heterosis among subspecies, so that the yield potential of hybrid rice is greatly improved, and rice quality is significantly improved. At the same time, comprehensively improve the resistance to major pests and diseases. (I) Development review In the history of rice breeding in China, there have been two major breakthroughs in yields. For the first time, dwarfing breeding began in the late 50's and early 60's. Its main achievement is to significantly increase the resistance to fertilizer and lodging and the harvest index of the varieties by reducing plant height. The second time was the utilization of heterosis that appeared in the early 1970s. The average output per mu of rice in China has been raised to over 400 kilograms, and the high-yield regions have exceeded 500 kilograms and entered the world's advanced level. In order to realize the third production leap, people began a lot of pioneering work around the issue of super-high rice breeding in the early 1980s. Some domestic and foreign research institutes have made progress in different degrees. In 1987, the State listed "photothermal-sensitive two-line sub-species interspecific heterosis utilization" in the 863 program, organized national rice expert research, and was the first large-scale rice super-high yield breeding program funded by the state. In 1996, the Ministry of Agriculture of China and the China Agricultural Science and Education Foundation launched the "China Super Rice Breeding and Cultivation System" project, the "China Super Rice Breeding Program". The goal is to increase the yield by 15-30% in comparison with the control by 2005. Rice, which increased production by 15% for the first phase of the target, and production increase by 30% for the second phase of the target, the current first phase of the target has been basically achieved. In view of the situation of international and domestic super rice breeding and the better progress of the two-line intersubspecific hybrid rice breeding in the “863†program, and the rapid development of rice biotechnology, in the later stages of the “Ninth Five-year Plan†and “863†plan, The super hybrid rice breeding program was initiated in some units with good research foundations. This plan is different from other breeding programs. It combines for the first time the improvement of yield potential and the improvement of rice quality and resistance. It uses the daily output as an indicator that the daily output of 100 kg/ha is used as an indicator to define the maturation period of each ecological area. The yield indicators of super hybrid rice varieties (converted to the specific yields of various ecological areas are similar to those of the Ministry of Agriculture's leap-over plan), and emphasize the combination of subspecies heterosis utilization and plant type improvement on the technical route, conventional breeding techniques and biotechnology. Combine. Since the implementation of the plan, breakthroughs have been made in the yield potential, and the quality of rice has also been greatly improved. The super hybrid rice varieties developed have been widely used in large areas. In addition, good progress has been made in molecular marker aggregation breeding of resistance genes, the introduction of insect-resistant genes, and the creation of insect-resistant materials funded by the program. The first combination of two-line super hybrid rice, Pei'ai 64S/E32, was successfully bred in 1997. In 1999, the average output per hectare was 13.5 tons in Hunan's 6.7-hectare demonstration; in the same year, the output of a small-scale experimental field in Yongsheng County, Yunnan was as high as 17.07 tons per hectare, which set a record for world rice yield; in 2000, the output per hectare in Hunan was over 13.5. Tons, up to 15.24 tons/ha. Subsequently, they were bred into "Liang Peijiu" (Peiai 64S/9311) and "Peiza 1826". The yield potential of the plant was greatly improved, and the quality of rice was also significantly improved. Among them, "Liangyoupeijiu" has become a representative of super hybrid rice due to its large yield potential and good rice quality. In 1999 and 2000, the "Liangyoupeijiu" was produced on a 6.7-hectare (100-mu) and 67-hectare (1000-mu) scale demonstration plot in Jiangsu and Hunan with an output of 10.5 tons/ha or more. In 2000, the country planted 233,000 hectares of this variety, an average of 9.6 tons per hectare. During the “Ninth Five-Year Plan†period, the promotion area reached more than 30 million mu and became the breeding mode for super hybrid rice. The three-line subspecies interspecies super hybrid rice or super high-yield breeding began in the late 1980s. In 1991, the first super high-yielding combination “II You 6078†was bred in 1992. Above 5 grams, it reached the highest record of 13.67 tons/ha in the Sichuan Basin. Later, they successively developed II You 162, Gang You 527, Gang You 881 and so on. In addition, "Xieyou 9308" also achieved higher yields, reaching the first-stage yield target of the super rice breeding program, namely 750 kg/mu (11.25 tons/ha). Another super hybrid rice combination II Youming 86 produced 17.9 tons per hectare in a small-scale trial in Yongsheng County, Yunnan Province, setting a new record for world rice yield. Years of production practice have shown that under the same conditions, hybrid rice yields more than 20% more than conventional rice. From 1976 to 2001, 267 million hectares (4 billion mu) of hybrid rice were promoted across the country, accumulatively increasing rice production by more than 380 million tons. In recent years, 15.33 million hectares of hybrid rice have been planted in China, accounting for about 50% of the total area of ​​rice, and production accounts for nearly 60% of the total rice production. The national average per unit area yield of hybrid rice is 6.7 tons/ha, which is higher than conventional rice. High 1.4~1.5 tons/ha. The annual increase in rice produced by the hybrid rice production in the country can provide more than 60 million people. (II) Major Progress The Liangyou 932, which was developed by the Hybrid Rice Engineering Technology Research Center of Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, has increased its demonstration area to 67 hectares this year, with an average yield of 11.73 tons/ha, which is 22.3% higher than the local main push variety. Pei Za 1826 in Guangdong 100 acres of contiguous average production reached 817 kg. D You 527 and Gang You 827 from the Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University produced 837, 927.5 and 879, 931 kg per mu in two demonstrations (100 Mu, Sichuan Xuanhan, and Hanyuan) and achieved super hybridization. Rice production requirements. The main new varieties of super hybrid rice currently being cultivated are the new seedlings combination P88S/2093 of the National Hybrid Rice Engineering Technology Research Center, the early hybrid HY-S/F4911, the late rice 38S/208 and the prospective S/527; Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences Yuza 122, developed by the Rice Research Institute, and Liangyouliangyou 122 and Liangyou 276, which were bred by Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences. These new varieties have a significant increase in yield, and both have reached the output requirements for super hybrid rice. Among them, the average yield of a hundred acres of P88S/2093 reached 817 kg/mu, and that of double early hybrid HY-S/F4911 reached 602 kg, an increase of 35% compared with the control, and a yield of 700 kg per mu for high-yielding fields. The yield of the late-season rice 38S/208 is 704 kg, and the high-yield field is 806 kg. In other three combinations, the output of Liangyoupeijiu increased by about 10%. Among them, the production potential of 58S/9311 reached 900 kg, the average yield of quasi-S/527 was 711 kg, and that of P88S/0293 was 817 kg. Yueza 122 mu production reached 775.31 and 712.5 kg. Liangyou 122 and Liangyou 276 also achieved good performance. Small area demonstration production reached 841 and 817 kg/mu. Because of the high yield and good quality of rice, the super hybrid rice has been cultivated by farmers and has a large input-output ratio, which greatly mobilized the enthusiasm of farmers for planting super hybrid rice. In 2001, a total of 25 million mu of super hybrid rice was promoted. According to an average increase of 100 kilograms and a production value of 100 yuan, a total of 2.5 billion kilograms of rice was added to increase revenue by 2.5 billion yuan. In addition, the development of super-hybrid rice has increased the development of foreign trade of seeds. For example, Liangyoupeijiu and D You 527 have obtained the identification and promotion of varieties in Vietnam, and their export volume has increased significantly. (III) Hot Issues 1. Safety issues of hybrid seed production in the utilization of hybrids due to the two-line method Because the fertility of photoperiod-temperature sensitive male sterile lines in two-line hybrid rice is controlled by the photoperiod length and temperature, seed production is greatly influenced by environmental factors. . It is a key issue for the future two-line super hybrid rice to study the photoperiod sensitive male sterile line with the temperature of abortive breeding starting temperature further reduced to ensure the safety of seed production but can ensure the efficient reproduction of male sterile lines under certain conditions. 2. The research on the supporting cultivation techniques of super hybrid rice seems to be more and more important. Super hybrid rice is currently grown with high yield potential, but farmers have not yet mastered high-yielding cultivation techniques and their yield potential is far from being exerted. Therefore, super hybrid rice The research on super-high-yield cultivation techniques that are simple and easy to implement and have relatively high input and output seems to be increasingly important.
Fried Onion
Fried Onion,Dehydrated Onion,Fried Shallot
Fresh Fruit,Dehydrated Vegetables Co., Ltd. , http://www.nsvegetable.com