Fertilizer deep mechanization technology

What are the advantages

1, increase the utilization of chemical fertilizers. The deep application of chemical fertilizers can reduce the loss and waste of chemical fertilizers. According to the isotope tracking test conducted by the Soil Fertility Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, the ammonium bicarbonate and urea deep application of soil nitrogen in the 6 to 10 cm depth below ground surface area It can be increased from 27% and 37% to 58% and 50% respectively, and the utilization rate of deep application can be increased by 115% and 35%. After extensive application of chemical fertilizer deep mechanization technology, the average nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate can be increased from 30% to 40%. Phosphorus, potassium and other fertilizers and seeds can also reduce the loss of wind erosion, promote crop absorption and extend fertilizer efficiency, and increase fertilizer utilization.

2, increase crop yields. Deep application of chemical fertilizers can promote root development, enhance crop absorption of nutrients, moisture, and drought resistance, which is conducive to plant growth and thus increase crop yields. The results of comparative experiments show that under the same conditions, wheat and corn applied at a higher depth than the surface can increase production by 225 to 675 kg/hm2, cotton (lint) can increase production by 75 to 120 kg/hm2, soybeans can increase yield by 225 to 375 kg/hm2, and increase yield. The average amplitude is between 5% and 15%.

3, mechanical operations can ensure species and fertilizer positioning isolation, to avoid burning phenomenon. When fertilizers are mixed in the same bed, chemical fertilizers are in direct contact with the seeds, which can easily invade the seed and seedling roots and cause burning and sprouting. The mechanical deep application of chemical fertilizer can be applied to the seed 3 to 6 cm, 4 to 5 cm on the seed side, so that there is a 3 cm soil isolation layer between the seed and the fertilizer, avoiding the occurrence of seed burning, which is conducive to keeping seedlings and increasing yield.

4. Mechanical fertilization has high work efficiency, low labor intensity, and obvious savings. Machine-introduced chemical fertilizer deep production equipment per hour productivity is generally more than 0.33 ~ 0.67hm2, the efficiency of the artificial operation than the increase of 10 to 20 times; human and animal power deeper fertilizer application equipment than manual operations can also be improved by 3 to 5 times, greatly reducing the The labor intensity saved the labor of fertilizer application and the operation cost was reduced. In addition, extensive application of chemical fertilizer deep mechanization technology can also effectively reduce the environmental pollution of chemical fertilizers. In summary, the deep mechanization of chemical fertilizers has significant cost-saving and efficiency enhancement functions.

Technical implementation points

1. Deep application of base fertilizer should be combined with soil ploughing operations. At present, there are two methods for deep application of base fertilizer. One is to plough the soil first after spreading fertilizer, and the second is to apply chemical fertilizer to furrows while plowing, and the second method is better.

(1) The first method of spreading fertilizer and then plowing should be as short as possible to expedite the exposure of chemical fertilizers to the earth's surface. This is especially true for fertilizers such as ammonium bicarbonate that are volatile in the air. Into the soil, this fertilization method can be installed in the plow before the manure device, you can also use a dedicated manure spreader, fertilizer bandwidth is basically the same with the ploughing range behind. The operation of ploughing after spreading fertilizer first requires that the chemical fertilizer be applied evenly and the application amount be in line with the agronomic requirements of crop cultivation. After culturing, the chemical fertilizer is buried in the soil to a depth of more than 6cm, and there is no visible particles on the surface.

(2) The method of fertilizing by edge ploughing can basically achieve the synchronization of ploughing and fertilization, avoiding the volatilization loss caused by chemical fertilizers in the open air. Generally, the existing ploughing ploughs can be reconstructed, and the row fertilizer device can be added. Installed behind the ploughshare, the ploughshare is used to apply the chemical fertilizer to the surface of the rake or to the bottom of the furrow (according to local agronomic requirements for the depth of the base fertilizer). Then the ploughshare is turned over and covered to achieve deep fertilization. Many localities call it this method. Fertilize the furrows. The requirements for applying the base fertilizer at the edge of ploughing are as follows: the depth of fertilizer application is greater than 6cm, the width of the fertilizer belt is 3 to 5cm, and the row fertilizer is uniform and continuous, with no obvious broken bar. The amount of fertilizer meets the agronomic requirements for crop cultivation.

2, deep fertilizer application. The seed fertilizer must be applied deep at the same time as the seeding, which can be accomplished by installing the fertilizer tank and the row fertilizer device on the seeder. The requirements for implements are not only able to strictly assure agronomic, seeding, seeding, depth, spacing, row spacing, etc., but also can form a soil isolation layer with a certain thickness (generally above 3cm) between seed and fertilizer. To meet the needs of nutrients in the growth of seedlings at the seedling stage, and to avoid the phenomenon of burning seeds and burning seedlings in mixed fertilizers. The application of this technology has a high requirement for the treatment of soil in the field, and it should ensure the consistent cultivation of the soil, no ploughing, no soil tillage, and flat soil and soil. According to the position of fertilization and seed, there are two forms of lateral deep and positive deepening (commonly known as fertilizer, species stratification). The technical requirements are as follows:

(1) Lateral deep seed fertilizer: The fertilizer is applied to the side of the seed. The wheat seed fertilizer is generally 2.5 to 4 cm on the side and the bottom of the seed. The depth of the corn seed fertilizer is generally 5.5 cm, and the width of the fertilizer tape is more than 3 cm. The strips were even and continuous, with no obvious broken strips and missing taps.

(2) Deep fertilizer applied in the right position: The seed fertilizer is applied directly below the seed bed, and the soil isolation layer between the fertilizer layer and the seed is more than 3 cm, and the seed and fertilizer are required to be uniform in depth and depth, the strip is even and continuous, and the width of the fertilizer strip is slightly larger than Width of sowing. It should be noted that when applying the fertilizer once into the soil at the same time as sowing, it is necessary to determine the distance between the seed and the fertilizer according to the type of fertilizer and the amount of application, etc.; to prevent seedlings and fertilizers from causing burning and sprouting.

3, top dressing deep. According to agronomic requirements, such as top-dressing amount, depth and location, etc., the top-dressing operation equipment is used to complete top-dressing operations such as trenching, row fertilizer, soil covering, and repression, which can be significantly compared with artificial surface application and hand tools. To improve the utilization rate of chemical fertilizers and operating efficiency, the top-dressing machine has good inter-row passing performance, and has no obvious adverse effects on the growth of crops (such as wounding, injury, and lodging). The top dressing depth (based on the intersection of the crop plants with the ground) should be 6 to 10 cm. Topdressing sites should be between 10-20cm on both sides of the crop line (depending on the variety of the crop), the width of the fertilizer zone is greater than 3cm, there is no obvious broken bar, and the coverage is tight after fertilization.

Precautions

1. The operator must undergo special technical training before performing operations.

2. Before the operation is carried out in depth, check the technical condition of the machine tool, and check whether the fastening components of the fertilizing machine or device are tight, whether the lubrication condition is good and whether the rotating part is flexible.

3, adjust the amount of fertilizer, depth and width, so that the machine to meet agronomic requirements. When adjusting, the amount of chemical fertilizer in the fertilizer tank should occupy more than l/4 of the volume, and the fertilizer implement or device should be erected in a horizontal state, and then the ground wheel should be rotated according to the actual operation speed, and the number of revolutions thereof is equal to the travel length of 50m. According to the conversion, fertilizers are collected and weighed at the same time in each row of fertilizer outlets, and the fertilizer amount per unit area is calculated according to the following formula. Where Q-fertilizer amount (kg/hm2); q-average number of total displacement (g); D-ground wheel diameter (m); n-number of rotations of the ground wheel; a-average line spacing (m); The number of m-dispensers; δ-slip factor.

4. The rational application of chemical fertilizers in the operation should follow the following basic principles: (1) Choose the appropriate chemical fertilizer varieties. (2) The application of chemical fertilizers and organic fertilizers. Fertilizers and organic fertilizers are applied in combination to make use of complementary effects to meet the needs of crops for nutrients in various periods. (3) Do a good job of fertilizer application according to the amount of fertilization and the appropriate proportion of various nutrient elements.

Machine selection

1, base fertilizer deep equipment:

(1) Plow bottom fertilizer applicator. In the existing ploughing and rotary cultivating implements, fertilizer boxes, fertilizer feeders, transmission mechanisms, and fertilizing pipes are installed. At the same time as plowing or rotary tilling operations, fertilizers are applied to the bottom of the furrow or to the tillage layer. A combination of joint work tools. When fertilization is not performed, the fertilization device is removed without affecting the use of the original equipment. This type of fertilizer applicator is more popular among users, and its model is also more, such as: 1LF-124 type single fertilization plow.

(2) ridge body fertilizer machine. The ridge body fertilizer applicator is a combined operation model. When the ridge crops such as corn and other crops are sown, urea and other granular fertilizers are applied to the ridge body in two layers. The two layers of fertilizer are separated by 5 to 8 cm of soil layer. Fertilizers play a role in different stages of crop growth. The upper-layer fertilizers mainly act as seed fertilizers, and the lower-layer fertilizers mainly act as base fertilizers. Therefore, this type of fertilizer applicator is a model that combines the functions of a seed fertilizer applicator and a base fertilizer applicator. The deep machine for large tractors is equipped with a 1LZ-770B suspended ridge squat plough. The first layer of fertilizing depth is 8 to 13cm from the ridge roof, and the second layer is 13 to 18cm from the ridge roof. The machine is an external groove wheel type. The row fertilizer structure can be adjusted within a range of 75-600kg per square hectare of fertilizer, and the work per hour is up to l.3~1.7hm2. The 3LS3 plow-bottom fertilizer applicator is a medium-sized tractor with a power of 36kW, and the row fertilizer device is a spiral auger. Mandatory, the fertilizer is applied to the bottom of the plough. The fertilizer yield per hectare is from 1.7 to 6.7 kg, and the working efficiency is 0.2 to 0.5 hm2 per hour. The machine equipped with a small tractor has a 2FLD-2G fertilizer deepening machine and a 1LD-220 multipurpose plough. The former can operate about 0.13 hm2 per hour and the productivity is about 0.13 hm2.

2. Fertilizer deep application equipment: Fertilizer deep application equipment is usually a fertilizer sowing machine, in a rack and transmission mechanism, juxtaposition of two sets of institutions, a set of sowing, a set of fertilization, can be applied at the same time sowing, is The most widely used and most modeled joint-operation model for chemical fertilizers. Some models use precision and semi-precision metering devices, which have obvious synergies. Some models are also equipped with membranes and other mechanisms, and more joint operation projects.

(1) Orthogonal fertilizer sowing machine. The opener of this type of machine is generally arranged in two rows, the front row opener fertilizer, the rear row opener sowing, the two rows of openers in the same longitudinal plane of the forward direction, the deeper depth of fertilization and openers The fertilizer is placed directly under the seeds. There are 3.5 to 5.0 cm soil layers between the seed fertilizers. Therefore, some models are also called seeded layered seeders. Common models include: 2BF type seed fertilizer layered fertilizer applicator, 2BG-120A grain ditch seeder, 2BT-2 soybean fine seed fertilizer applicator.

(2) Lateral fertilizer planter. Its structure is basically the same as that of an orthostatic fertilizer sowing machine, except that its fertilizing and furrow opener is not on the same line as the sowing and furrow opener, but on both sides of the sowing and furrow opener, the chemical fertilizer is applied on the side of the seed, and is mostly used for Wide-row row crops such as corn, soybeans, sorghum and cotton are sown and fertilized. Common models include: 2BQ-3/6 air-suction cultivator, 2BP-2 fertilization mulcher, XBFL-4/8 spinner, LFBJ-6 Machine, 2BX-9 wheat semi-precision seeder and so on.

3, topdressing deep equipment: Dressing equipment is the middle and late crop growth in the fertilization of the equipment, the fertilizer applied to urea and other fast-acting fertilizers, some models can also be applied carbon ammonium.

(1) The cultivator and spreader. It is the use of medium-tillage sowing fertilizer spreader or cultivator hanging frame supporting monomer fertilizer (sowing) machine, using tractor traction or loading small power machine to self-propelled, deep row or fertilization.

(2) Manual dressing equipment. As the top-dressing period is during the middle and late stages of crop growth, the plants are tall, limiting the mechanical top-dressing operations. In recent years, various localities have developed a batch of manual dressing equipments in order to discharge solid fertilizers and liquid chemical fertilizers. Commonly used models include: 3ZF-4.2 cultivator, 3ZFX-4 cultivator, and 2UPD-2 urea point in deep paddy field. Manual models include: 2BF-1D deep-fertilizer plant, Tianzhu 2F-90 deep fertilizer applicator, LYJ series fertilizer gun.

(v) Work Machines Have Requirements

(I) Performance requirements of implements: Deeply applied fertilizer implements should meet agronomic requirements, depth of fertilization (≥6cm), device with adjustable amount of fertilizer, row fertilizer device with high reliability, no stripping phenomenon during operation, fat belt Width variation ≤ 1cm, single-season work piece or fault repair does not exceed l / Taiwan (pieces, groups).

(b) Deep-fertilizer operations should meet the following requirements:

(1) Broken row rate

(2) The evenness of the strip: ammonium bicarbonate is 20% to 30%, and urea and other granular fertilizers are 20% to 25%. Among them, the coefficient of variation of homogeneity of deep applied fertilizer was ≤ 60%; the coefficient of variation of homogeneity of deep sowing fertilizer was ≤ 40%; and the coefficient of variation of uniformity of fertilized deep tillage was ≤ 40%.

(3) The coefficient of variation of the consistency of the displacement should be ≤13%.

(4) The soil coverage rate of chemical fertilizers should reach 100%, and the seed fertilizer and top dressing operations should be ensured to be compacted and compacted.

(5) The accuracy rate of fertilizer application is ≥70%.

(6) Injury rate of fertilization in cultivator

(7) The reliability coefficient of various machines should be ≥ 90%.