There are two main types of feeds that cows need. One category is roughage, roughage varieties include all kinds of grass, hay, corn stalks, corn stalk silage, Northeast China Leymus chinensis, high-quality oysters, etc.; the other is concentrate feed, including corn, cottonseed meal, bran and so on. Green fodder Green fodder refers to natural forages, cultivated pastures, and vegetable feeds. Green feed has good palatability and is easy to digest, but it has a large volume and a high moisture content. The quality of legume green feed in green feed is better than that of grass and vegetable feed. Commonly used green feed for cattle are grassy, ​​corn leaf, broccoli, cabbage, sweet potato vine, peanut vine, wild grass, cane tail, carrots and so on. Silage silage is the use of fresh green and blue succulent feeds such as corn stover, sweet potato vines, peanut vines, elephant grass, sweet potatoes, etc., directly after harvest, or after proper air drying, shredding, sealed storage in silos, mashers or towers Inside, it is made by lactic acid fermentation. The principle of silage Silage is to chop fresh green and juicy feed into silages, silage towers or silages, compacted and sealed, and fermented to produce a sour taste with a sour taste. This feed can be stored for months or even years. So silage is a good way to store green feed for a long time. Silage raw materials should contain a certain amount of sugar and the right amount of moisture. When the sugar content is low, the lactic acid bacteria multiply slowly and the lactic acid produced is very small, so it is difficult to inhibit the growth of other bacteria, and it is unfavorable for silage. Too much water makes the concentration of sugar thin, juice extravasation, resulting in the loss of nutrients, and easy to breed butyric acid bacteria, so that the quality of silage is not good; too little water is not easy to compact, easily cause aerobic spoilage bacteria, causing mold and spoilage. The raw material used for silage requires a moisture content of 65%-70%. If the raw material is tender, the moisture content can be lower than 60%; if the raw material is coarse and old, the moisture content can be higher than 70%; if the low-hydration silage is carried out, the moisture content should be 40%-60%. At the same time, since lactic acid bacteria are anaerobic bacteria, silage materials must be chopped and compacted during silage. Method of Silage Building Pit No matter whether silage, silage tower or silage trough is used, the location should be chosen where the terrain is high dry, sunny, solid and well-drained. The size of the cellar must be sturdy, airtight, and watertight. The conditional cellar wall and cellar floor can be made of stones. Raw materials used as raw materials for silage should be cut short. The purpose is to make the raw material flow out a lot of juice to facilitate the growth of lactic acid bacteria, and it is also conducive to compaction. Filling silage raw materials to be packed with the flattening of the compaction, especially the cellar around the edges to be more compacted, exhaust air, reduce retention gaps. After the capping pit is full, a plastic film is placed on the silo, a layer of straw is placed on top, and the cover is sealed. If the soil is dry, some water can be sprinkled to make the soil sturdy. Cover about 60 centimeters thick, the soil piled into a bread shape, after frequent inspections, found that there are subsidence or cracks in time to add soil repair, to prevent rainwater inflow and ventilation, affecting the quality of silage. Open silos using feed silage can be used after 40 days. When opening the cellar, first remove the cover soil and straw from the cellar surface. If the silage on the top floor becomes black, remove it and use it later. Good quality silage is yellow-green, aromatic and sour, succulent, soft and delicious texture. If it is dark brown with rancid or dry mold, it should not be used to feed cattle. Remove the silage should be used up days, do not stay overnight to avoid deterioration. Deteriorated silage cattle eat diseases. The amount of silage used is generally 10-20 kg per head per year for mature cattle, 15-20 kg for dairy cows, and 5-10 kg for young cows. Roughage of roughage includes hay, straw and clams. High-quality hay is rich in crude protein, carotene, vitamin D and inorganic salts, and is a good roughage for cattle. Although straw has a low nutritional value, it can be used as a feed for cattle to promote normal rumen fermentation and prevent digestive disorders. Straw with more crude fiber can be loaded into concrete pools or tanks. When it is filled to 80%, it is covered with a wooden grating, pressed with stones, and then added with 3% quicklime water or 3% cooked lime water to soak 12— Remove the fish after 24 hours, drain the residue and feed the cow, or shorten the straw (such as straw, etc.), add 0.6-1 kg of salt per 100 kg, and add 150-160 liters of water (heat water in winter and cold water in summer). Stir evenly and compact it in the cement pool. The top was covered with sacks or plastic paper, and fermentation was carried out. The cows were taken out in about 1 day. Alkaline treatment may also be performed with sodium hydroxide. The short straws will be soaked in 5%-2% sodium hydroxide solution for 24 hours (approximately 100 kg of straw plus 800-1000 liters of sodium hydroxide solution can be immersed in the straw). After washing, the lye is rinsed with water and fed. Cattle. Alkali treatment of straw can make insoluble lignin into readily soluble hydroxy-petrodine, making the mosaic material and cell wall between plant cells soft, easily decomposed by cellulase and various digestive liquids, increasing feed intake and digestion. rate. However, during the alkalization process, some of the protein in the feed may be dissolved and the vitamins will be destroyed. Therefore, the legume straw with high nutrient content should not be alkalized. In addition, straw can also be ammoniated, ie, 3 kg of liquid ammonia (anhydrous ammonia) per 100 kg of straw. Shorten the straw pods to 2-3 cm and sprinkle the ammonia liquid evenly. Covered with plastic film, sealed, do not leak, after 7-10 days to remove the straw to dry, so that the disappearance of ammonia, you can feed cattle. The concentrate feed is divided into energy concentrate and protein concentrate. The main purpose of energy concentrates is to supply energy. Commonly used energy concentrates are corn, wheat, oats, broken rice, flour, bran, sorghum, sweet potatoes and so on. Protein concentrates are mainly by-products of oil extraction, such as soybean cakes, peanut cakes, coconut cakes, rapeseed cakes, cottonseed cakes and so on. Dairy cows formula design goals are: to meet the nutritional needs of dairy cows in different physiological stages; to ensure the health of dairy cows and milk composition; good palatability; high production efficiency; low cost, economic and reasonable; milk steak discharge has the lowest impact on the environment. The priorities for various nutrients considerations in dairy cow diet formula design are: fiber> energy> crude protein> non-degradable protein> macro mineral elements> trace elements and vitamins. Dietary Fiber Balance When designing diets, most formulators focus on NDF requirements for lactating cattle. The average dietary crude fiber should be 17%. Diet energy balance During the early stages of lactation, especially during the 14-21 days, the cows will mobilize energy stored in the body (indicated by a decrease in body weight and body weight) due to low feed intake and insufficient energy. If the energy concentration in the diet is increased to minimize loss of body weight, ie, the proportion in the diet of the concentrate (sometimes the ratio of coarse to coarse exceeds 7:3), the function of the rumen will be disordered, resulting in chronic acidosis. Dairy cow's limb and foot disease is frequent and its service life is shortened. The energy needed for recovery of dairy cows should be considered in the late lactation and dry period. Dietary protein balance The actual production of cotton protein, cottonseed meal, corn gluten meal, and ruminal amino acids are often used to meet the daily crude protein and amino acid requirements of dairy cows. The balance of dietary mineral elements The actual production of the low-calcium and high-phosphorus diets for the cows starting from the first two weeks of calving, 8g of calcium per 100kg of body weight per day, the ratio of dietary calcium to phosphorus is 1:1. Effectively prevent milk fever. Mineral salts can be supplemented with concentrates, in addition to supplements in concentrates. (Source of Information China Animal Husbands Xuefeng)
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