The definition of Finished
Pharmaceutical Product can be found in § 4 (1) of the Medicines Law. It reads:
"Finished drugs are drugs that are prepared in advance and sold in
specific packaging to the consumer..." The drugs are mostly in the form of
tablets, capsules, drops, liquids, ointments and suppositories. For
Phytotherapy (healing with plants) numerous drugs are also available in
pharmacies in which drugs or drug preparations are processed. One distinguishes
between the drug preparations: the chopped drug to prepare a tea, the milled drug
(= drug powder) and the dried extract for the manufacture of tablets, capsules
and pills, tincture for the preparation of drops and the fluid extract for
juices, salves and other ointments to name a few. A finished drug with a drug
formulation is called an "herbal medicine" or phytopharmacon (plural:
phytopharmaceuticals).
Finished Pharmaceutical Products Finished Pharmaceutical Products,Otc Pharmaceutical Products NOUVASANT PHARMhealth LTD. , http://www.nouvasant.com
Since the Sino-German cooperation in Chaoyang, Liaoning Province, the ecological afforestation project has been implemented in 3 counties (cities) and 156 townships (towns) in Chaoyang, more than 10 million seedlings are required each year for afforestation, and the number of container seedlings needed is about 1 million or more. During the actual work and investigation, we learned that the main focus of nursery stock is the small and medium-sized nurseries collectively and privately. The broad masses of nursery people know that seedlings are the material basis for afforestation, and they are to increase the survival rate of afforestation, productivity, and stability of forest stands. Sexuality guarantees, but there are common technical problems in the cultivation of container seedlings. Now we have summarized the nursery experience and seedling cultivation techniques for many years to provide reference for the majority of seedling producers. Compared with bare-rooted seedlings, container seedlings have the following advantages: (1) When the seedlings are transplanted and planted, the roots of the seedlings will not be damaged, and the water loss in the roots will be less. Therefore, the survival rate of afforestation is high, and the survival rate of afforestation even under drought conditions can be improved. Up to 84%. (2) The time for afforestation can be extended so that the afforestation work is not subject to seasonal restrictions. Even if the seedlings germinate and grow, they can continue afforestation, which is conducive to the arrangement of labor force and the organization and implementation of afforestation work. (3) Afforestation of bare-rooted seedlings is extremely difficult to achieve on sites where there are many rocks, shallow soil layers, and arid soil. The use of container seedlings for afforestation on these site conditions can achieve good results. It is very important to choose what kind of tree afforestation in the severe drought in the rocky mountainous terrain in Chaoyang, and the soil is barren. All localities should fully consider the principle of suitable trees. In the current Sino-German cooperation in Chaoyang ecological afforestation project in Liaoning, container tree seedlings are mainly planted with Pinus tabulaeformis and Platycladus orientalis. 1 Container Seedling Type Container seedlings are mainly seedling container seedlings and transplant container seedlings. One is seeding container seedlings, which is a seedling that is cultivated by seeding a certain number of seeds (1 to 3, up to 5) directly into a container. Another kind of transplant container seedlings (referred to as transplanting seedlings) is a seedling seedling planted on a seedbed or a germination bed, cultivated after a certain period of time, and transplanted into a container at a suitable time to continue cultivation of seedlings. As the transplanting seedlings are transplanted after cutting roots (main roots mainly) in the breeding process, the root development is good, the number of lateral roots and fibrous roots is large, and the effect of afforestation is good. Now it is the most widely used type of container seedling production. 2 Matrix (nutritional soil) Selection and formulation The matrix used for container nursery can be divided into two categories: one is a soilless matrix, which is a certain proportion of peat, perlite (or vermiculite), and bark powder added with appropriate amounts of mineral fertilizers. Composition; the other is based on the soil (agricultural land, mountain soil, mountain turf soil, etc.), adding the appropriate amount of organic and inorganic fertilizers, this is commonly known as nutrient soil. When selecting the matrix, it is necessary not only to consider that the matrix has good performance in maintaining water, fertilizer, gas and heat, but also to consider its rich source and make it easy to obtain materials locally. Soil texture has a significant impact on the nature of the substrate, and it is generally appropriate to use loam or medium loam. If the soil is too viscous, the ventilation is poor, and the water is easy to evaporate; if the soil is sandy, the soil mass is easy to disperse when transporting and planting, thus losing the superiority of container seedlings. According to our research results, 2% DAP in mountainous turf soil is an ideal nutrient soil. In the production, mountainous turf soil, which removes debris and other debris, is often piled in one place after being mixed with fertilizer. Use container seedlings for the following year. 3 There are many kinds of containers used for container nursery. There are mainly peat containers, paper cup containers, plastic containers, nutrition cups and so on. At present, containers commonly used in rural areas are polyethylene plastic film container bags, which are suitable for the cultivation of seedlings such as Platycladus orientalis and Pinus tabulaeformis. The thickness of the container bag is 0.10-0.15mm, and there are a small number of small round holes of 0.3-0.6cm in the lower part. The height of the container bag is about 10-20cm and the diameter is 3-8cm. If one-year-old seedlings (bag diameter 6.5cm, height 12 to 14cm) are cultivated, about 3300 to 4,000 bags can be bagged per 1 cubic meter of nutrient soil. During production, care should be taken not to overfill the soil in the container bag. The surface of the soil after coating and water spraying should be 1 to 2 cm lower than the edge of the container to prevent later irrigation water from flowing out of the container. The containers used for nursery are mainly plastic film bags with a diameter of 4 to 5 cm and a height of 10 to 15 cm. The matrix used is mainly soil. 4 Seedling transplantation can be performed in the spring. The establishment of seedlings and planting should be carried out simultaneously, and special personnel should be responsible for raising seedlings and transportation, and they should be planted along with them. Before raising the seedlings, the drought in the nursery needs to be moistened with water to avoid excessive damage to the lateral roots. After the emergence of seedlings, seedlings should be quickly transported to the site of planting. For the seedlings that cannot be planted in time, they should be planted in a cool place to minimize the time that the seedlings are exposed to the air so as to prevent the loss of water. Seedlings and roots should be transplanted before bagging (1 year old roots should be no less than 10cm). Weak seedlings, waste seedlings and multi-headed seedlings should be removed, and transplanted seedlings should be selected for robust growth and more developed root systems. Container plant 1 plant. For the bottomed container bag, the bag should be opened when the bag is transplanted, and then the seedlings should be lifted to be placed in the middle of the bag and the root system should be stretched at the same time. Then fill the soil from the seedlings to the position 2cm above the rhizome of the seedlings. Compaction, remember not to fill the soil from only one side of the container to the other side of the container bag. For bottomless container bags, a small amount of nutrient soil should be moistened until the hand is clumped into a loose state, and then open the container bag to knead together the bottom of the bag, put a little wet soil, and squeeze it up and down to make a The upper part of the round cake-shaped unfolding bag is filled with seedlings and filled with soil. For transplanting transplanted seedlings with bud seedlings, they can be transplanted with soil and then transplanted. When transplanting, holes are first made in the center of the substrate, and the main root growth points of the shoots are cut off and then implanted and lightly pressed on the soil. The entire transplanting process should be followed by dripping with water. The root system is in close contact with the substrate. 5 Management of transplanted seedlings Beforehand, in areas where there is sufficient light, flat terrain, sheltered wind, and near water sources, nursery ponds should be dug by the amount of seedlings. The excavation depth in the repair pond is about 5-7cm, and the width is 100cm. The length depends on the quantity. The excavated soil was placed on a 15-20 cm wide walkway around the pool. A plastic film was placed on the bottom and around the pool. The transplanted seedlings were placed neatly in a distance of 1 to 2 cm. In case of dry hot weather cover can be added shade. 5.1 Irrigation is a key step in the success of transplanting seedlings. Its irrigation generally adopts spray irrigation and shower irrigation. In order to promote the growth of multi-rooted lateral roots and promote root growth of seedlings, the method of alternating water spray with proper drought is effective. It is usually sprayed 1 or 3 times a day under drought conditions. 5.2 Fertilization The seedlings should form a complete root mass. Appropriate amount of fertilization is indispensable. Container nursery fertilization is mainly based on topdressing, in principle, should be less early, depending on the growth of seedlings in the middle and late periods can increase the amount of fertilizer. Generally conifers are not recommended for top dressing within 1 month, and then topdressed with 0.2% to 0.3% of urea fertilizer once or twice a month. 6 to 10 days before leaving the garden to apply "send marriage fat" 1 time. 5.3 Weeding When using mountain turf soil or farmland soil as a substrate, weeding work should be particularly emphasized. Manual weeding should comply with the principle of "three divisions", namely early, minor, and addition. 5.4 Replanting Seedlings that have died or are growing poorly should be replanted as soon as possible. 5.5 Pest control: When transplanting seedlings from seedlings with buds, in the late spring and early summer when not lignified, spray 1% Bordeaux mixture once a week or half a month, or alternately spray 0.2% potassium permanganate and 0.1% dike. Pine and other liquid drugs to prevent seedling stage damping-off, blight and so on. Underground pests can be baited by poison baits, and leaf insect pests can be sprayed with 0.08 to 0.1% dimethoate and other chemicals. 5.6 The amount of water spray should be gradually reduced in the first half of the month before the exit of the nursery. The water spray should be stopped for the first 6 days to reduce the weight and avoid loosening. For long-distance transportation, vehicles and other equipment are required for shipment, and for short-haul transportation, manual transportation is generally adopted. Regardless of the shipping method, the seedlings should be prevented from being squeezed and rough handled during the shipment. Author: Pei Qi Chong Chi Zhang Junsheng Zhu Haiying: Institute of Soil and Water Conservation Research Institute of Liaoning Province, Liaoning Province, crops